The Vampire Diaries The Awakening Chapter Four Free Essays

string(34) " smile that crinkled up his eyes\." By the time Elena reached her locker, the numbness was wearing off and the lump in her throat was trying to dissolve into tears. But she wouldn’t cry at school, she told herself, shewouldn’t . After closing her locker, she made for the main exit. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Four or any similar topic only for you Order Now For the second day in a row, she was coming home from school right after the last bell, and alone. Aunt Judith wouldn’t be able to cope. But when Elena reached her house, Aunt Judith’s car was not in the driveway; she and Margaret must have gone out to the market. The house was still and peaceful as Elena let herself in. She was glad for that stillness; she wanted to be alone right now. But, on the other hand, she didn’t exactly know what to do with herself. Now that she finallycould cry, she found that tears wouldn’t come. She let her backpack sag to the floor in the front hall and walked slowly into the living room. It was a handsome, impressive room, the only part of the house besides Elena’s bedroom that belonged to the original structure. That first house had been built before 1861, and had been almost completely burned in the Civil War. All that could be saved was this room, with its elaborate fireplace framed by scrolled molding, and the big bedroom above. Elena’s father’s greatgrandfather had built a new house, and Gilberts had lived in it ever since. Elena turned to look out of one of the ceiling-to-floor windows. The glass was so old that it was thick and wavery, and everything outside was distorted, looking slightly tipsy. She remembered the first time her father had showed her that wavery old glass, when she had been younger than Margaret was now. The fullness in her throat was back, but still no tears would come. Everything inside her was contradictory. She didn’t want company, and yet she was achingly lonely. Shedid want to think, but now that she was trying to, her thoughts eluded her like mice running from a white owl. White owl†¦ hunting bird†¦ flesh eater†¦ crow, she thought. â€Å"Biggest crow I’ve ever seen,† Matt had said. Her eyes stung again. Poor Matt. She’d hurt him, but he’d been so nice about it. He’d even been nice to Stefan. Stefan . Her heart thudded once, hard, squeezing two hot tears out of her eyes. There, she was crying at last. She was crying with anger and humiliation and frustration-and what else? What had she really lost today? What did she really feel for this stranger, this Stefan Salvatore? He was a challenge, yes, and that made him different, interesting. Stefan was exotic†¦ exciting. Funny, that was what guys had sometimes told Elena she was. And later she heard from them, or from their friends or sisters, how nervous they were before going out with her, how their palms got sweaty and their stomachs were full of butterflies. Elena had always found such stories amusing. No boy she’d ever met in her life had made her nervous. But when she’d spoken to Stefan today, her pulse had been racing, her knees weak. Her palms had been wet. And there hadn’t been butterflies in her stomach-there had been bats. She was interested in the guy because he made her feel nervous? Not a very good reason, Elena, she told herself. In fact, a very bad reason. But there was also that mouth. That sculpted mouth that made her knees weak with something entirely different than nervousness. And that night-dark hair-her fingers itched to weave themselves into its softness. That lithe, flat-muscled body, those long legs†¦ and thatvoice . It was his voice that had decided her yesterday, making her absolutely determined to have him. His voice had been cool and disdainful when talking to Mr. Tanner, but strangely compelling for all that. She wondered if it could turn night-dark as well, and how it would sound saying her name, whispering her name†¦ â€Å"Elena!† Elena jumped, her reverie shattered. But it wasn’t Stefan Salvatore calling her, it was Aunt Judith rattling the front door open. â€Å"Elena? Elena!† And that was Margaret, her voice shrill and piping. â€Å"Are you home?† Misery welled up in Elena again, and she glanced around the kitchen. She couldn’t face her aunt’s worried questions or Margaret’s innocent cheerfulness right now. Not with her eyelashes wet and new tears threatening any minute. She made a lightning decision and quietly slipped out the back door as the front door banged shut. Once off the back porch and into the yard, she hesitated. She didn’t want to run into anyone she knew. But where could she go to be alone? The answer came almost instantly. Of course. She’d go see Mom and Dad. It was a fairly long walk, almost to the edge of town, but over the last three years it had become familiar to Elena. She crossed over Wickery Bridge and climbed up the hill, past the ruined church, then down into the little valley below. This part of the cemetery was well-kept; it was the old section that was allowed to run slightly wild. Here, the grass was neatly trimmed, and bouquets of flowers made splashes of bright color. Elena sat down by the big marble headstone with â€Å"Gilbert† carved into the front. â€Å"Hi, Mom. Hi, Dad,† she whispered. She leaned over to place a purple impatiens blossom she’d picked along the way in front of the marker. Then she curled her legs under her and just sat. She’d come here often after the accident. Margaret had been only one at the time of the car crash; she didn’t really remember them. But Elena did. Now she let her mind leaf back through memories, and the lump in her throat swelled, and the tears came easier. She missed them so much, still. Mother, so young and beautiful, and Father, with a smile that crinkled up his eyes. You read "The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Four" in category "Essay examples" She was lucky to have Aunt Judith, of course. It wasn’t every aunt who would quit her job and move back into a little town to take care of two orphaned nieces. And Robert, Aunt Judith’s fianc ¦, was more like a stepfather to Margaret than an uncle-to-be by marriage. But Elena remembered her parents. Sometimes, right after the funeral, she had come out here to rage at them, angry with them for being so stupid as to get themselves killed. That was when she hadn’t known Aunt Judith very well, and had felt there was nowhere on earth she belonged anymore. Where did she belong now? she wondered. The easy answer was, here, in Fell’s Church, where she’d lived all her life. But lately the easy answer seemed wrong. Lately she felt there must be something else out there for her, some place she would recognize at once and call home. A shadow fell over her, and she looked up, startled. For an instant, the two figures standing over her were alien, unfamiliar, vaguely menacing. She stared, frozen. â€Å"Elena,† said the smaller figure fussily, hands on hips, â€Å"sometimes I worry about you, I really do.† Elena blinked and then laughed shortly. It was Bonnie and Meredith. â€Å"What does a person have to do to get a little privacy around here?† she said as they sat down. â€Å"Tell us to go away,† suggested Meredith, but Elena just shrugged. Meredith and Bonnie had often come out here to find her in the months after the accident. Suddenly, she felt glad about that, and grateful to them both. If nowhere else, she belonged with the friends who cared about her. She didn’t mind if they knew she had been crying, and she accepted the crumpled tissue Bonnie offered her and wiped her eyes. The three of them sat together in silence for a little while, watching the wind ruffle the stand of oak trees at the edge of the cemetery. â€Å"I’m sorry about what happened,† Bonnie said at last, in a soft voice. â€Å"That was really terrible.† â€Å"And your middle name is ‘Tact,’ † said Meredith. â€Å"It couldn’t have been that bad, Elena.† â€Å"You weren’t there.† Elena felt herself go hot all over again at the memory. â€Å"Itwas terrible. But I don’t care anymore,† she added flatly, defiantly. â€Å"I’m finished with him. I don’t want him anyway.† â€Å"Elena!† â€Å"I don’t, Bonnie. He obviously thinks he’s too good for-for Americans. So he can just take those designer sunglasses and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There were snorts of laughter from the other girls. Elena wiped her nose and shook her head. â€Å"So,† she said to Bonnie, determinedly changing the subject, â€Å"at least Tanner seemed in a better mood today.† Bonnie looked martyred. â€Å"Do you know that he made me sign up to be the very first one to give my oral report? I don’t care, though; I’m going to do mine on the druids, and-† â€Å"On the what?† â€Å"Droo-ids. The weird old guys who built Stonehenge and did magic and stuff in ancient England. I’m descended from them, and that’s why I’m psychic.† Meredith snorted, but Elena frowned at the blade of grass she was twirling between her fingers. â€Å"Bonnie, did you really see something yesterday in my palm?† she asked abruptly. Bonnie hesitated. â€Å"I don’t know,† she said at last. â€Å"I-Ithought I did then. But sometimes my imagination runs away with me.† â€Å"She knew you were here,† said Meredith unexpectedly. â€Å"I thought of looking at the coffee shop, but Bonnie said, ‘She’s at the cemetery.’ † â€Å"Did I?† Bonnie looked faintly surprised but impressed. â€Å"Well, there you see. My grandmother in Edinburgh has the second sight and so do I. It always skips a generation.† â€Å"And you’re descended from the druids,† Meredith said solemnly. â€Å"Well, it’s true! In Scotland they keep up the old traditions. You wouldn’t believe some of the things my grandmother does. She has a way to find out who you’re going to marry and when you’re going to die. She told me I’m going to die early.† â€Å"Bonnie!† â€Å"She did. I’m going to be young and beautiful in my coffin. Don’t you think that’s romantic?† â€Å"No, I don’t. I think it’s disgusting,† said Elena. The shadows were getting longer, and the wind had a chill to it now. â€Å"So who are you going to marry, Bonnie?† Meredith put in deftly. â€Å"I don’t know. My grandmother told me the ritual for finding out, but I never tried it. Of course†-Bonnie struck a sophisticated pose-â€Å"he has to be outrageously rich and totally gorgeous. Like our mysterious dark stranger, for example. Particularly if nobody else wants him.† She cast a wicked glance at Elena. Elena refused the bait. â€Å"What about Tyler Smallwood?† she murmured innocently. â€Å"His father’s certainly rich enough.† â€Å"And he’s not bad-looking,† agreed Meredith solemnly. â€Å"That is, of course, if you’re an animal lover. All those big white teeth.† The girls looked at each other and then simultaneously burst into laughter. Bonnie threw a handful of grass at Meredith, who brushed it off and threw a dandelion back at her. Somewhere in the middle of it, Elena realized that she was going to be all right. She was herself again, not lost, not a stranger, but Elena Gilbert, the queen of Robert E. Lee. She pulled the apricot ribbon out of her hair and shook the hair free about her face. â€Å"I’ve decided what to domy oral report on,† she said, watching with narrow eyes as Bonnie finger-combed grass out of her curls. â€Å"What?† said Meredith. Elena tilted her chin up to gaze at the red and purple sky above the hill. She took a thoughtful breath and let the suspense build for a moment. Then she said coolly, â€Å"The Italian Renaissance.† Bonnie and Meredith stared at her, then looked at each other and burst into whoops of laughter again. â€Å"Aha,† said Meredith when they recovered. â€Å"So the tiger returneth.† Elena gave her a feral grin. Her shaken confidence had returned to her. And though she didn’t understand it herself, she knew one thing: she wasn’t going to let Stefan Salvatore get away alive. â€Å"All right,† she said briskly. â€Å"Now, listen, you two. Nobody else can know about this, or I’ll be the laughingstock of the school. And Caroline would just love any excuse to make me look ridiculous. But I do still want him, and I’m going to have him. I don’t know how yet, but I am. Until I come up with a plan, though, we’re going to give him the cold shoulder.† â€Å"Oh,we are?† â€Å"Yes,we are. You can’t have him, Bonnie; he’s mine. And I have to be able to trust you completely.† â€Å"Wait a minute,† said Meredith, a glint in her eye. She unclasped the cloisonne pin from her blouse, then, holding up her thumb, made a quick jab. â€Å"Bonnie, give me your hand.† â€Å"Why?† said Bonnie, eyeing the pin suspiciously. â€Å"Because I want to marry you. Why do you think, idiot?† â€Å"But-but-Oh, all right. Ow!† â€Å"Now you, Elena.† Meredith pricked Elena’s thumb efficiently, and then squeezed it to get a drop of blood. â€Å"Now,† she continued, looking at the other two with sparkling dark eyes, â€Å"we all press our thumbs together and swear. Especially you, Bonnie. Swear to keep this secret and to do whatever Elena asks in relation to Stefan.† â€Å"Look, swearing with blood is dangerous,† Bonnie protested seriously. â€Å"It means you have to stick to your oath no matter what happens, no matterwhat , Meredith.† â€Å"I know,† said Meredith grimly. â€Å"That’s why I’m telling you to do it. I remember what happened with Michael Martin.† Bonnie made a face. â€Å"That was years ago, and we broke up right away anyway and-Oh, all right. I’ll swear.† Closing her eyes, she said, â€Å"I swear to keep this a secret and to do anything Elena asks about Stefan.† Meredith repeated the oath. And Elena, staring at the pale shadows of their thumbs joined together in the gathering dusk, took a long breath and said softly, â€Å"And I swear not to rest until he belongs to me.† A gust of cold wind blew through the cemetery, fanning the girls’ hair out and sending dry leaves fluttering on the ground. Bonnie gasped and pulled back, and they all looked around, then giggled nervously. â€Å"It’s dark,† said Elena, surprised. â€Å"We’d better get started home,† Meredith said, refastening her pin as she stood up. Bonnie stood, too, putting the tip of her thumb into her mouth. â€Å"Good-bye,† said Elena softly, facing the headstone. The purple blossom was a blur on the ground. She picked up the apricot ribbon that lay next to it, turned, and nodded to Bonnie and Meredith. â€Å"Let’s go.† Silently, they headed up the hill toward the ruined church. The oath sworn in blood had given them all a solemn feeling, and as they passed the ruined church Bonnie shivered. With the sun down, the temperature had dropped abruptly, and the wind was rising. Each gust sent whispers through the grass and made the ancient oak trees rattle their dangling leaves. â€Å"I’m freezing,† Elena said, pausing for a moment by the black hole that had once been the church door and looking down at the landscape below. The moon had not yet risen, and she could just make out the old graveyard and Wickery Bridge beyond it. The old graveyard dated from Civil War days, and many of the headstones bore the names of soldiers. It had a wild look to it; brambles and tall weeds grew on the graves, and ivy vines swarmed over crumbling granite. Elena had never liked it. â€Å"It looks different, doesn’t it? In the dark, I mean,† she said unsteadily. She didn’t know how to say what she really meant, that it was not a place for the living. â€Å"We could go the long way,† said Meredith. â€Å"But that would mean another twenty minutes of walking.† â€Å"I don’t mind going this way,† said Bonnie, swallowing hard. â€Å"I always said I wanted to be buried down there in the old one.† â€Å"Will you stop talking about being buried!† Elena snapped, and she started down the hill. But the farther down the narrow path she got, the more uncomfortable she felt. She slowed until Bonnie and Meredith caught up with her. As they neared the first headstone, her heart began beating fast. She tried to ignore it, but her whole skin was tingling with awareness and the fine hairs on her arms were standing up. Between the gusts of wind, every sound seemed horribly magnified; the crunching of their feet on the leaf-strewn path was deafening. The ruined church was a black silhouette behind them now. The narrow path led between the lichen-encrusted headstones, many of which stood taller than Meredith. Big enough for something to hide behind, thought Elena uneasily. Some of the tombstones themselves were unnerving, like the one with the cherub that looked like a real baby, except that its head had fallen off and had been carefully placed by its body. The wide granite eyes of the head were blank. Elena couldn’t look away from it, and her heart began to pound. â€Å"Why are we stopping?† said Meredith. â€Å"I just†¦ I’m sorry,† Elena murmured, but when she forced herself to turn she immediately stiffened. â€Å"Bonnie?† she said. â€Å"Bonnie, what’s wrong?† Bonnie was staring straight out into the graveyard, her lips parted, her eyes as wide and blank as the stone cherub’s. Fear washed through Elena’s stomach. â€Å"Bonnie, stop it. Stop it! It’s not funny.† Bonnie made no reply. â€Å"Bonnie!† said Meredith. She and Elena looked at each other, and suddenly Elena knew she had to get away. She whirled to start down the path, but a strange voice spoke behind her, and she jerked around. â€Å"Elena,† the voice said. It wasn’t Bonnie’s voice, but it came from Bonnie’s mouth. Pale in the darkness, Bonnie was still staring out into the graveyard. There was no expression on her face at all. â€Å"Elena,† the voice said again, and added, as Bonnie’s head turned toward her, â€Å"there’s someone waiting out there for you.† Elena never quite knew what happened in the next few minutes. Something seemed to move out among the dark humped shapes of the headstones, shifting and rising between them. Elena screamed and Meredith cried out, and then they were both running, and Bonnie was running with them, screaming, too. Elena pounded down the narrow path, stumbling on rocks and clumps of grass root. Bonnie was sobbing for breath behind her, and Meredith, calm and cynical Meredith, was panting wildly. There was a sudden thrashing and a shriek in an oak tree above them, and Elena found that she could run faster. â€Å"There’s something behind us,† cried Bonnie shrilly. â€Å"Oh, God, what’s happening?† â€Å"Get to the bridge,† gasped Elena through the fire in her lungs. She didn’t know why, but she felt they had to make it there. â€Å"Don’t stop, Bonnie! Don’t look behind you!† She grabbed the other girl’s sleeve and pulled her around. â€Å"I can’t make it,† Bonnie sobbed, clutching her side, her pace faltering. â€Å"Yes, you can,† snarled Elena, grabbing Bonnie’s sleeve again and forcing her to keep moving. â€Å"Come on.Come on!† She saw the silver gleam of water before them. And there was the clearing between the oak trees, and the bridge just beyond. Elena’s legs were wobbling and her breath was whistling in her throat, but she wouldn’t let herself lag behind. Now she could see the wooden planks of the footbridge. The bridge was twenty feet away from them, ten feet away, five. â€Å"We made it,† panted Meredith, feet thundering on the wood. â€Å"Don’t stop! Get to the other side!† The bridge creaked as they ran staggering across it, their steps echoing across the water. When she jumped onto packed dirt on the far shore, Elena let go of Bonnie’s sleeve at last, and allowed her legs to stumble to a halt. Meredith was bent over, hands on thighs, deep-breathing. Bonnie was crying. â€Å"What was it? Oh, what was it?† she said. â€Å"Is it still coming?† â€Å"I thought you were the expert,† Meredith said unsteadily. â€Å"For God’s sake, Elena, let’s get out of here.† â€Å"No, it’s all right now,† Elena whispered. There were tears in her own eyes and she was shaking all over, but the hot breath at the back of her neck had gone. The river stretched between her and it, the waters a dark tumult. â€Å"It can’t follow us here,† she said. Meredith stared at her, then at the other shore with its clustered oak trees, then at Bonnie. She wet her lips and laughed shortly. â€Å"Sure. It can’t follow us. But let’s go home anyway, all right? Unless you feel like spending the night out here.† Some unnameable feeling shuddered through Elena. â€Å"Not tonight, thanks,† she said. She put an arm around Bonnie, who was still sniffling. â€Å"It’s okay, Bonnie. We’re safe now. Come on.† Meredith was looking across the river again. â€Å"You know, I don’t see a thing back there,† she said, her voice calmer. â€Å"Maybe there wasn’t anything behind us at all; maybe we just panicked and scared ourselves. With a little help from the druid priestess here.† Elena said nothing as they started walking, keeping very close together on the dirt path. But she wondered. She wondered very much. How to cite The Vampire Diaries: The Awakening Chapter Four, Essay examples

Law of International Trade Module

Question: Discuss the english law governing the international sale of goods would be greatly improved if the United Kingdom were to ratify the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods.? Answer: Introduction For over a period of forty year governments have been harmonizing the international law governing sale of goods. At present international law dealing with sale of goods has been significantly harmonized through the United Nations Convention on International Sale of Goods (also referred to as the CISG or the Vienna Convention ) which came into force in the year 1988 after being concluded on 1980 in Vienna has been accepted widely. The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (also referred to as the UNCITRAL) is responsible for bringing into effect the CISG. Primarily the CISG is applicable to those contracts for sale of goods which have been signed by parties belonging to different States. The underlying principle behind the adoption of the CISG is to eradicate the barriers which prevent the States from entering into contracts with the other States. Till date the CISG has been ratified by almost sixty states. The states which have ratifies CISG include, majority of the st ates of the European Union, Canada, U.S.A, Australia and also numerous Third World Countries. In spite of this widespread acceptance the United Kingdom has been reluctant to ratify the CISG. The United Kingdom had not adopted the CISG. The CISG was drafted was drafted by the representatives of different states from around the world. All these states have different legal frameworks. Many compromises had to be made. As the consequence of the said compromises various inconsistencies followed. Howsoever, there are various useful provisions in the CISG which may be treated as a model for making amendments to the British Sale of Goods Act, 1979(also referred to as the SOGA). The CISG governs a majority of areas concerning sale of goods most particularly the performance of contracts. Arguments in favor of harmonization of international sales law As per scholars the prime reason for harmonization and unification of international sales law is its legal certainty. The CISG is said to increase legal certainty as the application of different state laws would lead to imparation and hence the adoption of CISG would improve this scenario. Some scholars have pointed out that international law governing trade and commerce requires precise rules and the CISG contains such rules. Many countries lack plausible domestic sales laws and contracting parties are not very keen to submit to the laws of the other party. For such countries the CISG is a very good option. Important Provisions of the CISG Reduction of Price Article 35 of the CISG mandates that the goods delivered must conform to description, quality and quantity as laid down in the contract. In case a seller does not abide by this requirement then Article 50 of the Convention gives right to the buyer to reduce cost. The extent to which cost may be reduced is to the same proportion as the value which the goods actually delivered had when delivered to the value which the goods if conforming to the standard set in the contract would have had during the said time. There are several provisions in the CISG which have the background of civil law. This is one of the many such provisions. The common law countries are not aware of the right to reduce cost and thus while the Convention was being drafted many common law nations ended up confusing this provision with the right which provides for deduction of damages from the price. This right may be found under Section 53(1) (a) of the SOGA and also under Section 2-717 of the Uniform Commercial Code . But the crux of Article 50 is that the buyer is provided with the opportunity to retain the good non conforming with the standard set in the contract and bring the said contract in line with the altered circumstances by proportionately reducing the purchase price. Importance in International Law The scope of this price reduction provision is limited in the context of international sale of goods. According to the provisions of Article 45(1) (b) of the CISG, the buyers can avail of the damages for each and every breach on a no-fault basis. This provision is very much in favor of the buyer as the amount which a buyer may recover under the provision of Article 45(1) (b) is generally much higher as compared to the amount up to which price may be reduced. Yet from this we may not come to the conclusion that the price reduction provision provided under the CISG is unessential. Under specific circumstances this provision is useful. At times this remedy is more reliable than right to damages. It serves as an alternative to damages. The specific cases include the following; Force majeure This provision is important in cases where the seller can show that his failure to abide by the obligation falls under the exception of force majeure as laid down under Article 79(1) of the Convention. For instance; if the subject matter of the contract is perishable goods and due to labor issues which is an impediment out of control of the seller, at the time of delivery the goods may not conform to the standard set in the contract. In such cases the vendor can avail of the protection provided under Article 79(1) of the CISG. This exception does not affect the rights of the buyer other than the right to damages and the buyer has the option of avoiding the contract by rejecting the goods if the failure of the seller it such that it amounts to a fundamental breach of the contract. But if the buyer decides to accept the goods, then he is not entitled to recover damages under Article 45(1) (b) cause as per the provisions of Article 79(1) of the CISG the seller does not have to bear liab ility. Thus under the aforesaid circumstances reduction of purchase price is the only remedy available to the buyer. Falling Market Again in cases when the market price of the goods which are conforming to the contractual standard decreases substantially during the period after the contract has been entered into and the time of delivery of the goods, the price reduction provision would be of great help to the buyer rather than the provision of damages. For instance, the contractual price of a consignment of shirts is 100,000, but the shirts which are ultimately delivered are non-conforming to the standard set in the contract so the amount is 40,000 as against 80,000 for the goods conforming to the standard. However by the date of delivery the market price falls to 60,000. Under this factual situation two remedies are available to the buyer who wishes to go ahead with the contract. Firstly, Article 45(1) (b) of the Convention avails to the buyer the remedy of breach of contract. The damages which the buyer may claim under this situation would be 60,000-40,000=20,000. Thus the buyer would ultimately have to pay 100 ,000-20,000=80,000. Again the buyer also has the option of reducing the price as per the provisions of Article 50 of the Convention. As per this provision reduced price/ contract price=value of the supplied goods/ value of the goods conforming to the set standards. The buyer would incur expenses of 50,000. Thu we may say in cases of price fall it is advisable for a buyer to adopt the remedy of price reduction. Position under the English Law The remedy of price reduction is not available to the buyers under the English Law. However the provisions of SOGA contains provisions which are almost similar to Article 50 of the CISG, these are Sections 30(1) and 53(1) (a). An evaluation of the above provisions with respect to the CISG Article 35(1) and 50 of the CISG entitles the buyer to reduce the price of the goods in case the quality of the goods does not conform to the standard set by the contract. On the other hand, Section 30(1) of the SOGA does not give any such right to the buyer. This provision provides that in case a buyer accepts goods which do not conform to the standard set in the contract then he will have to pay the contracted price. Thus the method of calculation of reduced price under the SOGA and CISG differ. As regards qualitative defective performance, the principle of reducing price is not encouraged by the SOGA. The buyer is only entitled to deduct the damages he is entitled to as a result of the defect from the price of the goods under the provisions of Section 53(1) (a) of the SOGA. In this respect there are various differences between Article 50 of the Convention and Section 53(1) (a) of the SOGA. Section 53(1) (a) does not provide for the remedy of price reduction to the buyer. It only permits the buyer to to set up his entitlement to warranty against the seller who sues for the price. Under no circumstance the buyer can make the contract to come in line with the changes circumstances. The only option available to the buyer is to bring an action. Thus the setting up of warranty entitlement against the vendors suit for the price would lead to same consequences as claiming of damages instead of price reduction as is possible under the CISG. Evaluation As far as compensation for the breach of contract is concerned the approach of the CISG is similar to that of the Common Law as damages may be readily availed of on a no-fault basis. However, the price reduction provision seems to be better option in cases of fall in market price and force majeure. We may infer that the reduction of price remedy is a very useful one as it enables the merchants to make a contract in conformity with the changed circumstances without the pain of resorting to court. In fact this is one of the reasons as to why majority of nations have ratified the Convention. Making a comparative study of Section 53(1) (a) of the SOGA and Article 50 of the Convention we may say that the CISG provides for a more economically viable solution. Granting of Additional Time This is another aspect of the CISG which deserves mention. If performance has been delayed, it is open to the buyer as well as the seller to mutually decide on an additional time period for the performance of the contract. If a notice which grants additional time has been served under the CISG then; Within the stipulated period the aggrieved party cannot resort to any damages for breach of contract entitling the other party to a further chance to perform If the other party fails to perform within the stipulated extra time, the party who has served the notice is at liberty to avoid the contract. Articles 47 and 63 contain provisions to this effect. An example may be provided to explain the principle. In case a vendor supplies defective and useless goods and the buyer immediately requires the goods he had contracted, he may resort to this provision for the supply of replacement goods. It is very must possible that the vendor would not be able to comply with the requirement of the buyer and during the period when he waits for the alternative goods the stipulated period for the avoidance of the contract expires. As a consequence the buyers right to terminate the contract expires. Under such circumstances it is advisable to fix up a period for the delivery of the substitute goods so that the contract may be set aside in case the vendor fails to abide by the requirement. Position under English Law The SOGA does not provide for anything which is even slightly alike the provisions of Article 47 and 63. Thus as far as delay in rendering performance and the risk associated with unjust avoidance of contract is concerned, it may evoke the interest of individuals as to how the English Law protects the interests of the parties concerned. Rules governing termination of contract under the English Law seems to be quite complicated. If delay occurs in the performance of contract then it is open to the innocent party to treat the contract as being discharged, if time happens to be the essence of the contract. Thus rapid performance is a pre condition for a contract under the English Law. In case the contract does not specify the date within which performance has to be completed then the parties are expected to render performance within reasonable time. But in case the parties specify a date and time for rendering performance, it has to be determined whether the said stipulation is a warranty or a condition. As far as this question is concerned, the SOGA provides for two rules of interpretation. Time for payment is presumably not essence of the contract The construction of the contract would determine if any other provision isthe essence of the contract In a nutshell we may state that under the English Law the risk of avoiding a contract wrongfully is almost non-existent. Evaluation The grant of additional time for performance of contract is a significant aspect of international sales law as if delay occurs the innocent party may resort to this provision so as to avoid wrongful termination of contract. The risk arises from the peculiarity of the provisions of the CISG. But the English Law provides for situations which are less complex. Thus we may conclude that Articles 47 and 63 of the COSG would not be of great help for giving effect to future amendments of the SOGA. Right to Cure If a contract has been performed defectively, in many cases the said defect may be easily redressed, for instance, by performing the part which was missing. Sellers right to cure is often found to be incorporated in contracts governing sale of goods. The provisions of Article 37 and 48 of the CISG provide the seller with the opportunity to remedy defects prior and post the specified delivery date. As regards Article 37 of the CISG it is said that the provisions would not be unfamiliar to the common or civil legal framework as almost all legal systems identify the principle of freedom to cure defects before the stipulated date of performance. Under English Law the seller has the right to cure a defective performance of goods by substituting it with a performance of contract as per the set standards within the stipulated time period. But Article 48 of the CISG is not a very common provision. Article 48(1) has subjected the right to sure to various limitations. These include; The seller ought to be able to cure the breach without causing unreasonable inconvenience to the buyer or ambiguity of recompense of expenses. The right of the seller to cure is also subject to the provisions of Article 49 of the CISG. Thus if there has occurred a fundamental breach of contract, the seller cannot cure the defect and thereby deprive the purchaser of his right to set aside the contract. Thus we may infer that though the interest of the seller is served by providing for right to cure, yet, this right cannot be availed so as to cause detriment to the buyer. Position under English Law The SOGA does not lay down any provision stipulating the sellers right to cure. The English Law only recognizes the provision of retender before the date of delivery. But as regards performance after due date is concerned, the position of English Law is not very clear. The dictum in the case of Bernstein v. Pamson Motors (Golden green) Ltd. it was stated that the English Law presumably allows the vendor to cure a defect even after the stipulated date of performance. But there is no certainty of this principle. Thus we may infer that still there exists great deal of uncertainty under the English Law as regards the right of the seller to cure defective performance. Evaluation As far as short delivery and delivery of goods not conforming to the standard set in the contract are concerned the English Law of Sale of Goods provides a proper solution as it only makes provision for a few remedies to the buyer when the stipulated date for rendering performance has lapsed. It is left up to the whim of the buyer as to whether he intends to set aside the contract and thereby reject the goods or he may as well retain the goods and claim for damages. Article 48 of the CISG lays down various safeguards. These include, the sellers right to be able to cure the breach without causing unreasonable inconvenience to the buyer or ambiguity of recompense of expenses. Again the provision of Article 49(1) of the CISG, if the failure leads to a fundamental breach of contract the buyer has the option of setting aside the contract. Moreover, if the performance is not in conformity, the buyer has the option of requiring the seller to remedy the missing part by agreeing on a further period for compliance. Under these circumstances, if the seller refuses to cure the defect or fails to do so within the further stipulated time period then Article 49(1) (b) of the CISG entitles the buyer to set aside the said contract. Thus we may conclude that even though the right to cure available to the seller might give rise to ambiguity yet the CISG serves to balance the interest of both parties concerned by providing opportunity to the buyer to either termina te the contract or make the seller to change his/ her name. The provision of Article 48 does not unduly favor the seller. The right to cure defect is more viable for commercial transactions rather than the English Law. For instance, in the practical scenario when the goods delivered are found to be defective a typical buyer would reject the consignment and at the same time require the vendor to cure the defect and thus rendering the contract open for performance. Thus we may infer that buyers generally tend to give sellers a second chance for rendering performance. The entitlement of the right to set aside the contract along with the right to cure the defect leads to a perfect balance of interest. The right to cure defect has been subjected to Article 49 of the CISG and thus when there occurs a breach of a provision which is fundamental to the said contract the buyer may set aside the contract. But if the failure of the vendor is not fundamental the contract is very much valid and the buyer may allow the vendor an additional time period so that he may cure the defect. Having regard to all the above stated factors, we may conclude that the CISG lays down a valid remedy in favor of the vendor, i.e., the right to cure the defect after the time for the performance of contract has expired. In fact as the corresponding provision of the SOGA is very uncertain it has been opined by many that it is regrettable that United Kingdom has failed to utilize the opportunity to modernize the sale of goods legislation by including provisions of the CISG. Conclusion We may conclude the aforesaid discussion by stating that an analysis of the above three provisions out of over a hundred provisions of the CISG did not serve to disapprove the ratification of the Convention and the amalgamation of the provisions in International Sales Law. The above study reveals that the Convention lays down prudent solutions for the issues concerning international sale of goods. We may although say that few provisions like Article 47 and 63 which provides for grant of additional time is not very useful as the situations under which they would prove to be useful do not take place usually. But we may not as well ignore the provisions regarding price reduction and right to cure which provide practical solutions to the problems faced by the commercial world. They are much more viable than the solutions provided by the SOGA. Owing to these and various other reasons we may well say that the British commercial world would benefit significantly if the British Government ra tifies the CISG. I would finally state that it is high time that the United Kingdom does way with the reluctance to ratify the Convention. Moreover, the provisions of the CISG which have been proved to be economically reasonable should be attempted to be introduced into the arena of sales law governing domestic transactions. References Adams J and Macqueen Hector.,The Sale Of Goods(Pearson Education UK 2005) Akrami F, Yusoff S and Isa S, 'Open Price Term Under The United Kingdom Sale Of Goods Act 1979 And The United Nations Convention On Contracts For International Sale Of Goods (CISG): A Comparative Analysis' (2014) 10 ASS Bridge M,The International Sale Of Goods 'Changes To The UK Law Relating To Contracts For The Sale And Supply Of Goods' (1995) 11 Computer Law Security Review 'Cisg Unidroit Principles: Crossing Cultures And Filling Gaps - 2004 Clive M. Schmitthoff International Commercial Law Seminar - 7Th CISG-AC Meeting, Organised By The Centre For Commercial Law Studies, International Commercial Law And Tax Unit, Queen Mary University Of London In Co-Operation With The CISG Advisory Council - London (United Kingdom), 30 January 2004.' (2003) 8 Uniform Law Review - Revue de droit uniforme Cisg.law.pace.edu, 'Article 50' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015 Cisg.law.pace.edu, 'Article 47' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015 Cisg.law.pace.edu, 'Article 63' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015 Cisg.law.pace.edu, 'Article 37' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015 Cisg.law.pace.edu, 'Article 48' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015 Cisgw3.law.pace.edu, 'Article 35' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015 Cisgw3.law.pace.edu, 'Article 45' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015 Cisgw3.law.pace.edu, 'Article 79' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015 Damiani G,Game Theory In Contemporary International Commercial Law(2010) Fawcet J, Harris J and Bridge M,International Sale Of Goods In The Conflict Of Laws(Oxford University Press 2005) Flambouras D,Amendments To The Sale Of Goods Act 1979 Following The Implementation Of Directive 1999/44/EC In The United Kingdom Ho H, 'Some Reflections On Property And Title In The Sale Of Goods Act' (1997) 56 The Cambridge Law Journal Honnold J, Volken P and Sarcevic P, 'International Sale Of Goods: Dubrovnik Lectures.' (1987) 81 The American Journal of International Law KroÃÅ'ˆll S, Mistelis L and Viscasillas P,UN Convention On Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods (CISG)(C H Beck 2011) Liu C, 'Cure By Non-Conforming Party: Perspectives From The CISG, UNIDROIT Principles, PECL And Case Law' [2005] ace Law School Institute of International Commercial Law Nicholas B,The United Kingdom And The Vienna Sales Convention(Centro di Studi e Ricerche di Diritto Comparato e Straniero 1993) Rahman A,Should The United Kingdom Ratify The CISG Convention And Set Aside Its Own Sale Of Goods Act?(Erasmus Universiteit 2014) 'Ratification Of The Additional Protocols By The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland' (1998) 38 International Review of the Red Cross Schwenzer I, Fountoulakis C and Dimsey M,International Sales Law(Hart Publishing 2012) Schwenzer I, Fountoulakis C and Dimsey M,International Sales Law: A Guide To The CISG(Bloomsburry Publishing 2012) Shin C, 'DECLARATION OF PRICE REDUCTION UNDER THE CISG ARTICLE 50 PRICE REDUCTION REMEDY' (2006) 25 Journal of Law and Commerce Zeller B,Damages Under The Convention On Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods(Oxford University Press 2009) John N Adams and Macqueen Hector., The Sale Of Goods (Pearson Education UK 2005). Cisgw3.law.pace.edu, 'Article 35' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015. Cisg.law.pace.edu, 'Article 50' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015. Chang-Sop Shin, 'DECLARATION OF PRICE REDUCTION UNDER THE CISG ARTICLE 50 PRICE REDUCTION REMEDY' (2006) 25 Journal of Law and Commerce. Farzaneh Akrami, Sakina Shaik Ahmad Yusoff and Suzanna Mohamed Isa, 'Open Price Term Under The United Kingdom Sale Of Goods Act 1979 And The United Nations Convention On Contracts For International Sale Of Goods (CISG): A Comparative Analysis' (2014) 10 ASS. Cisgw3.law.pace.edu, 'Article 45' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015. M. G Bridge, The International Sale Of Goods. Cisgw3.law.pace.edu, 'Article 79' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015. Bruno Zeller, Damages Under The Convention On Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods (Oxford University Press 2009). Gerson Damiani, Game Theory In Contemporary International Commercial Law (2010). 'Changes To The UK Law Relating To Contracts For The Sale And Supply Of Goods' (1995) 11 Computer Law Security Review. James. W Fawcet, Jonathan. M Harris and Michael Bridge, International Sale Of Goods In The Conflict Of Laws (Oxford University Press 2005). 'Cisg Unidroit Principles: Crossing Cultures And Filling Gaps - 2004 Clive M. Schmitthoff International Commercial Law Seminar - 7Th CISG-AC Meeting, Organised By The Centre For Commercial Law Studies, International Commercial Law And Tax Unit, Queen Mary University Of London In Co-Operation With The CISG Advisory Council - London (United Kingdom), 30 January 2004.' (2003) 8 Uniform Law Review - Revue de droit uniforme. Ingeborg Schwenzer, Christiana Fountoulakis and Mariel Dimsey, International Sales Law: A Guide To The CISG (Bloomsburry Publishing 2012). Cisg.law.pace.edu, 'Article 47' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015. Cisg.law.pace.edu, 'Article 63' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015. Ingeborg H Schwenzer, Christiana Fountoulakis and Mariel Dimsey, International Sales Law (Hart Publishing 2012). 'Ratification Of The Additional Protocols By The United Kingdom Of Great Britain And Northern Ireland' (1998) 38 International Review of the Red Cross. Cisg.law.pace.edu, 'Article 48' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015. Changwei Liu, 'Cure By Non-Conforming Party: Perspectives From The CISG, UNIDROIT Principles, PECL And Case Law' [2005] ace Law School Institute of International Commercial Law. Cisg.law.pace.edu, 'Article 37' (1990) accessed 15 July 2015. Barry Nicholas, The United Kingdom And The Vienna Sales Convention (Centro di Studi e Ricerche di Diritto Comparato e Straniero 1993). John O. Honnold, Paul Volken and Petar Sarcevic, 'International Sale Of Goods: Dubrovnik Lectures.' (1987) 81 The American Journal of International Law. H.L. Ho, 'Some Reflections On Property And Title In The Sale Of Goods Act' (1997) 56 The Cambridge Law Journal. Ans Rahman, Should The United Kingdom Ratify The CISG Convention And Set Aside Its Own Sale Of Goods Act? (Erasmus Universiteit 2014). Stefan KroÃÅ'ˆll, Loukas Mistelis and Pilar Perales Viscasillas, UN Convention On Contracts For The International Sale Of Goods (CISG) (C H Beck 2011). Dionysios P Flambouras, Amendments To The Sale Of Goods Act 1979 Following The Implementation Of Directive 1999/44/EC In The United Kingdom.

Summary Analysis of Canto I of Orlando Innamorato Essay Example

Summary Analysis of Canto I of Orlando Innamorato Paper Epic romance Orlando Innamorato was written by the Italian poet Matteo Maria Boiardo who plaited together characteristic features of Carolingian epic and Arthurian legend with the classical tradition of Virgil, Homer and Ovid.   He created a great and complex story praising love in a variety of its forms. Moreover, professor of Italian at Columbia University Jo Ann Cavallo claims that Boiardos Orlando Innamorato is not a simple ode to love; this amusing tale of damsels and knights in love and war comprised expressive moral lessons for the courteous society of Renaissance Italy. Romance Orlando Innamorato quickly became an extremely popular in that day Italy. The famous literati of the time and members of the court, among who was Isabella dEste, read it enthusiastically. Numerous writers tried to translate the romance into the new Tuscan standard language; others wrote continuations, while others simply imitated it. Ariosto was one of those continuators with his Orlando Furioso, one and, in fact, the greatest of six well known continuations of the poem. Nevertheless, Boiardo couldn’t even surmise that one day of the sixteenth century his poem would be â€Å"put aside in favour of Ariostos continuation† (Wilkins,1974). Canto I opens with the scene at the court of King Charlemagne: All of the paladins came to court to celebrate that holiday. From every region, every nation, We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Analysis of Canto I of Orlando Innamorato specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Analysis of Canto I of Orlando Innamorato specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summary Analysis of Canto I of Orlando Innamorato specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer numberless people entered Paris, and there were many Saracens, because court royal was proclaimed: anyone not an apostate or renegade was promised safety (Canto I, ottavo 9, lines 1 8). A great number of men, friends and enemies, from different countries gathered together and were having fun when absolutely unexpected meeting happened. The daughter of the king of Cathay Angelica appears at Charlemagne’s Pentecost tournament with her brother Argalia. The young lady is the most desirable treasure, she is the most beautiful woman have ever seen: She seemed to be the morning star, the lily and the garden rose. In short, to tell the truth of her, never was so much beauty seen (Canto I, ottavo 21, lines 5 8). There were lots of beautiful women among guests, but none of them could be comparable with the maiden beauty of Angelica: I say that each seemed beautiful before that flower reached the hall to take the beauty prize from all (Canto I, ottavo 22, lines 6 8). It’s naturally that everyone wants her.   To get the desired prise men have to pass an extremely difficult trial, they must overcome Argalia in a harsh combat so that to take Angelica as wife.   Orlando and Ranaldo are the two most touched by Angelica’s beauty: I cannot from my heart displace the sight of her—her sweet, bright face— because I think I’ll die without her; I think my soul will disappear. Now neither strength nor courage helps against the bridling force of Love. Knowing’s no help, nor men’s advice. I see what’s best. I pick what’s worst (Canto I, ottavo 31, lines 1 8). Orlando accepts Angelica’s challenge without moment’s hesitation; he and all the others at once fall in this marvellous young lady. They know nothing about her brother Argalia. Men do not consider the trial to be really hard one. Orlando can’t even suppose that Argalia’s spear is spell-bound. Argalia establishes rules of the trial knowing beforehand that this trial will be fraudulent. So, the tournament is appointed and the rules are established. Argalia let everybody know that they are to follow rules in order to take part in the combat with him, and everybody accepted that rules: â€Å"However, there is one condition; whoever wants to try must listen! Once beaten from his saddle, none may fight again for any reason. He must submit and go to prison. Yet one who can unhorse Uberto will win, as his reward, my person. My brother will recall his giants† (Canto I, ottavo 28, lines 1 8). However, at the very beginning of the trial many participants forgot about all the regulations and decided to play against them, regardless of the fact that they had given their words of honour. What incited them to do that? The answer is simple – burning, blind and all-absorbing passion. The author widely uses metaphors and personifications in his poem. Such poetic method provides readers with realistic image of the facts which were depicted by Boiardo. In addition to metaphors, colourful epithets are frequently used by author in the poem. Use of numerous epithets gives readers the impression that they see events and characters by Boiardo’s eyes. Matteo Maria Boiardo praises love which is the main theme of his poem. He shows us that the strong and frank feeling has an ability to work wonders. Nevertheless, the author lifts the veil from another side of the wonderful feeling. Canto I is some kind of an introduction to the poem â€Å"Orlando in love†, it is its beginning. Here the readers become acquainted with characters and the area where events take place; an entanglement of the plot occurs here. And this is where the author shows his readers a blind and unseasoned feeling. Here we can most probably see not a love yet, but ardent and burning passion instead. From the one hand it is wonderful; it inspires to do heroic deeds, arouses courage even in cowards; and from the other hand it makes people blind, makes them to forget about everything – about their dignity, principles, convictions, given words and vows. Such metamorphoses are well shown in Canto I. Bad influence of the passion can be seen at the episode wi th Malagise, who disclosed the intensions of Angelica’s father, King Galafrone. He decided to punish Angelica: †¦ Then Malagise said, â€Å"You rabble, I’ll capture you without a battle! Your clubs and chains will be no use, nor will your darts and twisted swords. I’ll punish you when you’re asleep. You will be killed like gelded sheep† (Canto I, ottavo 43, lines 7 8, ottavo 44, lines 1 4). As we can see, he wanted to kill the lady, but when Malagise stooped close to her and saw her beauty he changed his mind: †¦he neared the woman stealthily and drew forth his sword to slit her throat, but when he saw her close—so pretty!—he delayed. His spirit weltered back and forth. At last, he said, â€Å"Here’s what will happen: I’ll make her sleep by magic, then I’ll have her. I’ll indulge my passion† (Canto I, ottavo 45, lines 1 8). So, in that episode we can see the side of passion which cannot be called tender and loving on any account. The Carolingian epic was actually turned on its head by Boiardo who created his own updated version of the Orlando/ Roland story. Orlando Innamorato is some kind of an unauthorized biography which showes how the pure paladin had left Charlemagnes court to pursue a marvellous princess from Cathay across whole Eurasia. The author rewrote classical texts of, for instance, Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Homer’s Odyssey, and readers can find such rewrittings at the text. Boiardo’s Orlando Innamorato has preserveded its freshness and popularity for 500 years in popular culture of Italy. In Sicilys puppet theaters Italians and tourists travelling to that country today can up to now come across Rinaldo and Orlando fighting over the marvellous princess Angelica. The characters depicted by Boiardo and later developed in Orlando Furioso, Ariosto’s continuation, have reappeared in melodrama, opera, folk operas, and also in recitations by singers and story-tellers. The first full-length theatrical alteration of Orlando Innamorato has only recently been presented to a contemporary audience. Materials from the chivalrous tradition, expressing the Carolingian epic of Charlemagne and his knights, and the Arthurian romances of Lancelot, King Arthur and even Tristan were taken by Boiardo for writing his epic poem. The author also used incorporated stories and classical tradition from Homer. Most of Homer’s themes were taken by Boiardo from the Odyssey and Iliad, which wasn’t in such an extent romance-oriented as the first one. Some episodes were rewritten from the epic model excellence in the Italian Renaissance, Virgils Aeneid, and also from Ovid, as The Metamorphosis was a manual of mythological stories. The readers interpreted these stories allegorically. They are use by Matteo Maria Boiardo to create a play with firm allegorical tradition. The lyrics of Petrarch and the novella tradition of Boccaccio also were among sources from which Boiardo borrowed some elements for his poem. He practiced creative imitation and reworking of earlier texts in order to provide his own text with richer meaning. It’s rather interesting for modern reader to try to recognize the source and read both versions in comparison. Boiardo’s Orlando Innamorato brought certain ammount of novelty in epic romances. It frankly describes human’s intimate feelings such as the desire for revenge or glory, erotic desire, sympathy and ambition. The author makes subtle analisis of these feelings, he offers the readers to perceive this world without any borders. The poem is alive owing to the fact that Boiardo allows readers to make their conclusions and observations without obtruding his own ones.

The Stone Angel; Comparison essays

The Stone Angel; Comparison essays The film A Beautiful Mind and the novel The Stone Angel both have a very important and interesting theme: when life throws you a curveball, love will always be there. A Beautiful Mind is a film about the life of John Forbes Nash, a Nobel Prize winner who struggled through most of his adult life with schizophrenia. It is a true story, not only of one man's fight to overcome his own disability, but of the overreaching power of love - a theme that has also been embraced by the book The Stone Angel. This novel deals with the life of Hagar Currie Shipley, a 91-year-old woman who is on a tumultuous journey to accept her own life, and prepare for death. Yet even though she attempts to wrestle against the inevitable, there is always a constant reminder: love is always the key to happiness. Thus, the film and the novel explore the true importance of love and its role our lives. Both characters experience different stages of denial, anger, bargaining, depression and finally acceptance in their quest to define their lives and learn the fact that love is the most important thing. At one time, every individual is faced with death, horrific to the young, or inviting to the sick and the old. Death is interpreted as the end of existence, but to those who believe in the afterlife, as a whole new chapter of the unknown. When Hagar Shipley realizes the proximity of death, she is in denial. She comes to live in a world of memories in the past. All her life, she was hard, never showing emotion, even through the passing of her husband. However, near the end she comes to a new understanding, although she would not admit it: what is the purpose of living life, happily or unhappily, if there is a lack of love and trust? Likewise, John Nash is faced with his own death when he finally realizes that he is a schizophrenic, has taken many chances with his life already, and may die a lonely man if he does not come to accept his situation and use the remainder of h...

Wile vs. While

Wile vs. While Wile vs. While Wile vs. While By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Are there two ways to write â€Å"while away the hours†? I sometimes see it written as â€Å"wile away the hours.† My dictionary gives the meaning to both spellings. Which do you recommend? wile Possibly the most common use of wile these days is as a noun qualified by the adjective feminine: Resurrecting the Girly Girl: The Lost Art of Feminine Wiles Dating: Feminine wiles attract alpha males In this context, wiles stands for cunning, amorous tricks that women use to manipulate men. Wile can have the stronger meaning of a deceitful trick or ruse used to deceive a victim. Wiley Coyote employs wiles in this sense. The earliest documented use of wile in the OED in the sense of â€Å"deceitful trick† is 1154. Wile as a verb came later (1400s). As a verb, wile means â€Å"to lure by means of a magic spell,† â€Å"to beguile.† The OED does have an entry for wile with the meaning â€Å"to divert attention pleasantly,† but identifies it as â€Å"a substitute for while.† The examples given for its use fall between 1796 and 1880. Merriam-Webster cites an example from the writing of Virginia Woolf: â€Å"wile away the long days,† and does not suggest confusion with while. while As a noun, while has been in the language since the writing of Beowulf. As a verb meaning â€Å"to fill up the time,† its earliest documented use in the OED is from the early 17th century. The phrase â€Å"to while away the time† dates from 1635:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"to cause (time) to pass without wearisomeness; to pass or get through (a vacant time), esp. by some idle or trivial occupation.† As my recommendation is being asked for, I have to say that, Virginia Woolf notwithstanding, â€Å"while away the time† is the better choice. Google Ngram Viewer shows â€Å"while away† as far more common than â€Å"wile away,† although the latter seems to be rising a bit since the late 1980s. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†10 Colloquial Terms and Their Meanings20 Ways to Cry

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words - 1

History - Essay Example Most important, however, was institutionalization, a further component of ‘religion-building’, to give these fledgling belief systems stability and resilience. Thus Buddhism underwent this process in India, well into the second decade of its existence, from where it emerged a world religion and in the case of Christianity and Islam, Constantine and the Abbasids performed this function. 2. 2Older religions were more localized and lacked the institutional underpinning that can be found in Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. Each of these religions in turn facilitated its broad geographical spread through institutional mechanisms, such as monastic communities in the case of Buddhism, the church for Christianity and an efficient communication network along the trade routes, based on merchant networks, for Islam and Buddhism. In addition, older religions were elite structures, excluded the masses from their power structure and usually had a large number of gods that need to be satisfied. In contract, the three big religions facilitated a more direct access to one God via easy to understand rituals. In the case of Hinduism, the attraction of Buddhism also included a departure from the caste system. 3. 3Rulers often used religion to underpin their power with divine approval. By claiming divine endorsement, they were able to obscure the boundaries between secular power and divine sanction. By claiming to derive power directly from God, the ruler was not accountable to anyone else, not subject to criticism by any other than God. More significant was that critique of the ruler amounted to critique of God and was therefore heresy. This royal absolutism began with Constantine and Theodosius but references can be found as early as Peter 2:13-17 in the New Testament. 4. 4An anthropological view of the Japanese religious structure points out that Japanese society operates a

The Process of Essay Writing Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Process of Writing - Essay Example Initially, in order to decide the central idea, the writer needs to think what the purpose of writing the essay is (Carter, 2006). A further step is to identify the audience/readers whom the writing is intended to address. Once these two matters are determined, a thesis sentence can be made without any uncertainty. The thesis statement must be potent enough for exploration. See one thesis statement; ‘today the balance between work and play/recreation is not found in a justifiable ratio in the lives of professionals’. This assertion clearly indicates what the writer has determined to describe in the coming paragraphs. In other words, the following part of the essay is solely dedicated to establishing this opinion. Obviously, the writer needs to bring supporting evidence and reasons to strengthen his view because it can have an inevitably refuting opinion. However, the introduction is exclusively meant for clearly stating the writers view before entering a deeper level of thinking. In fact, the initial step of writing an essay is to create a draft or a master plan. The purpose of the draft is to organize the total content and structure of the essay since the thesis statement to the conclusion (Tarafder, 2009). It takes in various supporting ideas and examples that have to be presented in the following paragraphs. The writer can make a collection of appropriate phrases that would modify the chosen topic. For instance, consider some keywords that can be used for the above-mentioned topic; hectic schedule, stress, and strain, amusement, pleasure, exhausted, revitalize, fatigue, turmoil, physical requirement, enhances immunity etc.